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1.
Arch. endocrinol. metab. (Online) ; 61(5): 490-500, Sept.-Oct. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-887599

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma are rare catecholamine-producing tumours, recognised to have one of the richest hereditary backgrounds of all neoplasms, with germline mutations seen in approximately 30% of patients. They can be a part of genetic syndromes such as MEN 2 or Neurofibromatosis type 1, or can be found as apparently sporadic tumours. Germline mutations are almost always found in syndromic patients. Nonetheless, apparently sporadic phaeochromocytoma too show high germline mutation rates. Early detection of a genetic mutation can lead to early diagnosis of further tumours via surveillance, early treatment and better prognosis. Apart from this, the genetic profile has important relevance for tumour location and biochemical profile, and can be a useful predictor of future tumour behaviour. It also enables family screening and surveillance. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated significant driver somatic mutations in up to 75% of all tumours. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2017;61(5):490-500


Subject(s)
Humans , Paraganglioma/genetics , Pheochromocytoma/genetics , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/genetics , Germ-Line Mutation/genetics
2.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(8): 1199-1206, nov. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-471735

ABSTRACT

The differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome requires careful multidisciplinary interaction with a number of specialities, co-ordinated through endocrine centres with good experience of this condition. It is essential that the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome be fully established before differential diagnosis is attempted. The endocrinologist needs to be aware of the pitfalls and advantages of the tests in use. We discuss the approach to the differential diagnosis of this challenging condition.


O diagnóstico diferencial da síndrome de Cushing requer uma interação multidisciplinar cuidadosa entre várias especialidades, coordenadas através de centros de endocrinologia com boa experiência nessa condição. É essencial que o diagnóstico da síndrome de Cushing seja estabelecido antes da tentativa de diagnóstico diferencial. O endocrinologista precisa estar atento às possíveis falhas e vantagens dos testes empregados. Nós discutiremos a abordagem do diagnóstico diferencial nessa condição desafiadora.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis , Adrenal Cortex Function Tests , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone , Cushing Syndrome/blood , Cushing Syndrome/etiology , Diagnosis, Differential , Dexamethasone , Glucocorticoids , Petrosal Sinus Sampling , Pituitary Function Tests
3.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(8): 1261-1271, nov. 2007. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-471742

ABSTRACT

Cushing's syndrome (CS) results from prolonged exposure to supraphysiological levels of circulating glucocorticoids, endogenously or exogenously derived. Although rare in childhood, CS remains a difficult condition to diagnose and treat. A multidisciplinary approach and close collaboration with adult colleagues is adopted at most large centres that manage pediatric CS patients. Although pediatric protocols are derived from adult data, significant differences exist between adult and childhood CS. Furthermore, long term outcome parameters including final height, bone mineral density, reproductive function, body composition and psychological health pose challenges for pediatric care. This article will aim to provide an overall view of pediatric CS highlighting some of the differences between adult and pediatric CS.


A síndrome de Cushing (SC) resulta da exposição prolongada a níveis suprafisiológicos de glicocorticóides circulantes, tanto endógenos como de seus derivados exógenos. Embora rara na infância, a SC permanece uma condição difícil de ser diagnosticada e tratada. Uma avaliação multidisciplinar e a colaboração próxima com colegas da área não-pediátrica são adotadas na maioria dos grandes centros que cuidam de pacientes pediátricos com SC. Embora os protocolos pediátricos sejam derivados de dados em adultos, existem diferenças significativas entre a SC no adulto e na infância. Além disso, parâmetros evolutivos finais, incluindo altura final, densidade mineral óssea, função reprodutiva, composição corporal e saúde psicológica trazem desafios no cuidado pediátrico. Este artigo procura oferecer uma visão geral da SC pediátrica, focalizando algumas das diferenças entre a SC adulta e a pediátrica.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Cushing Syndrome , Age Factors , Adenoma/complications , Adrenal Glands/pathology , Body Composition/physiology , Bone Density/physiology , Carcinoma/complications , Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis , Cushing Syndrome/etiology , Cushing Syndrome/therapy , Growth Disorders/diagnosis , Hyperplasia/complications , Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion/diagnosis , Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion/etiology , Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion/therapy , Pituitary Neoplasms/complications
4.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(8): 1319-1328, nov. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-471748

ABSTRACT

Once the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome (CS) has been established, the main step is to differentiate between ACTH dependent and independent disease. In adults, 80 percent of CS is due to ACTH-dependent causes and 20 percent due to adrenal causes. ACTH-secreting neoplasms cause ACTH-dependent CS. These are usually anterior pituitary microadenomas, which result in the classic Cushing's disease. Non-pituitary ectopic sources of ACTH, such as a small-cell lung carcinoma or carcinoid tumours, are the source of the remainder of ACTH-dependent disease. In the majority of patients presenting with clinical and biochemical evidence of CS, modern non-invasive imaging can accurately and efficiently provide the cause and the nature of the underlying pathology. Imaging is essential for determining the source of ACTH in ectopic ACTH production, locating the pituitary tumours and distinguishing adrenal adenomas, carcinomas and hyperplasias. In our chapter we review the adrenal appearances in ACTH-dependent and ACTH-independent CS. We also include a discussion on the use of MRI and CT for the detection and management of pituitary ACTH secreting adenomas. CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis with intravenous injection of contrast medium is the most sensitive imaging modality for the identification of the ectopic ACTH source and detecting adrenal pathology. MRI is used for characterising adrenal adenomas, problem solving in difficult cases and for detecting ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas.


Uma vez estabelecido o diagnóstico da síndrome de Cushing (SC), o passo principal é diferenciar entre a doença ACTH-dependente e a independente. Em adultos, 80 por cento da SC é devida a causas ACTH-dependentes e 20 por cento a causas adrenais. Neoplasias secretoras de ACTH causam a SC ACTH-dependente: usualmente são microadenomas da hipófise anterior que resultam na clássica doença de Cushing. Fontes ectópicas (não hipofisárias) de ACTH, como o carcinoma pulmonar de células pequenas e tumores carcinóides, são a origem do restante da doença ACTH-dependente. Na maioria dos pacientes que se apresentam com evidências clínicas e bioquímicas da SC, técnicas modernas de imagem não invasivas podem apontar acurada e eficientemente a causa e a natureza da patologia subjacente. A imagem é essencial para a determinação da fonte de ACTH na produção ectópica desse hormônio, na localização de tumores hipofisários e na distinção entre adenomas, carcinomas e hiperplasias adrenais. Nesse artigo revisaremos a imagem adrenal na SC ACTH-dependente e independente. Incluiremos, também, uma discussão sobre o uso da RM e da TC na detecção e manejo dos adenomas hipofisários secretores de ACTH. TC de tórax, abdome e pelve, com a injeção intravenosa de meio de contraste, é a modalidade de imagem mais sensível para a identificação da fonte ectópica de ACTH e na detecção da patologia adrenal. A RM é empregada para a caracterização de adenomas adrenais, para a solução de problemas em casos difíceis e para a detecção de adenomas hipofisários secretores de ACTH.


Subject(s)
Humans , ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma/diagnosis , Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis , Pituitary Gland/pathology , Pituitary Neoplasms/diagnosis , ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic/diagnosis , ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma , Adenoma/diagnosis , Adenoma , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/diagnosis , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms , Carcinoma/diagnosis , Carcinoma , Cushing Syndrome/etiology , Cushing Syndrome , Hyperplasia/diagnosis , Hyperplasia , Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis , Lung Neoplasms , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Pituitary Gland , Pituitary Neoplasms , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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